Stopping a car happens in two parts. First you react: your eyes spot the danger and your foot moves to the brake. At 40 mph you cover about 88 feet in that second and a half, before the brakes even start working.
Then you brake, and braking distance depends on the square of your speed, because the energy of a moving car grows with its speed squared. Double the speed and you need four times the road to stop.
That is why school zones have such low limits. It is the quadratic functions from Algebra 1 and the kinetic energy from Physics, written on a road sign.